CBT therapy illustration

CBT Therapists in Canada

A structured, evidence-based approach that helps people identify unhelpful thought patterns and change the behaviours that keep those patterns in place.

What to look for in a CBT therapist on Purple Lotus

  • Formal training in CBT or a specific CBT-based approach
  • Experience with your specific concern (e.g. anxiety, OCD, depression, insomnia)
  • Clear structure with measurable goals and progress tracking
  • Comfortable explaining how they adapt CBT to individual needs

36 therapists for CBT in Canada

Browse 36 therapists offering CBT. Find the right counsellor or psychotherapist for your needs.

Ashley Greensmyth

Ashley Greensmyth

The people who come to work with me are looking for a therapist who not gets it, but can also help them figure out how to move forward in life. I often hear things like, "I can't seem to stop worrying," "I feel overwhelmed," and "things seem fine on the outside, but really I'm just holding it together." If this resonates with you, you might benefit from counselling sessions with me. Working with me in therapy often feels like finally making sense of a long-unsolved puzzle—you begin to understand not only what you’re feeling, but why. Understanding how we view ourselves and the world on a deeper level can help with personal transformation. For example, some patterns that we have to undo in our own behaviour can come from secondhand experiences like ancestral trauma and relationship patterns. Gaining this level of self-awareness can create a comfortable space to challenge anxieties and your ideas about being a worthwhile person. Clients often come to therapy feeling anxious, overextended, or stuck in patterns that leave them feeling overwhelmed, empty, or exhausted, and they leave with a deeper sense of clarity, confidence, and self-worth. Through our work together, you’ll learn practical tools tailored to your real life, and shift any long-held beliefs keeping you stuck, so that you can begin to show up in your relationships with more ease and authenticity. My practice is gender, body, ability, sexuality, and race inclusive. I reside and provide services on the unceded ancestral territories of the hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓ speaking people and Sḵwx̱wú7mesh first nations peoples that was not surrendered. I offer direct billing to many insurance providers and I am registered with ICBC and FNHA. You belong.

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Julie Cowie

Julie Cowie

Are you feeling overwhelmed or stuck and unsure of how to move forward, or unsure even what you are needing. You might feel like you need to have it all figured out, juggling academic or career pressures, navigating relationships, and trying to understand and define who you are. The weight of these expectations and pressures can feel overwhelming, leading to anxiety, self-doubt, and even burnout. I specialize in helping students, youth and young adults navigate the unique challenges of this stage of life. Let's work together to understand what you need and support you! I believe that when we validate our hard and our challenges and begin to explore how those challenges effect the present version of us, then we truly start to heal and can begin to work toward a more authentic connected self! I have a passion for working with people. I truly believe that every person has the innate ability to grow and change and live a happy and fulfilling life! Together we can work towards your goals and create the changes you deserve!

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Lexie Morgan

Lexie Morgan

Are you looking for a ‘hype you up’ but call you on your shit therapist? I might just be your gal! Are you dealing with perfectionism? Going through a break up? Contemplating making a big life change? Experiencing grief, stress, overwhelm or loneliness? I prioritize authenticity in therapy, and aim to help people untangle themselves from problems that hold them back. I work with you as we navigate the peaks & valleys of life experiences. I often support, students, hospitality workers, parents, teachers, nurses, shift workers, ski patrollers, guides & 'first timers' to therapy. Life can be messy & complex. Are you looking for a ‘hype you up’ but call you on your shit therapist? I might just be your gal! Are you dealing with perfectionism? Going through a break up? Contemplating making a big life change? Experiencing grief, stress, overwhelm or loneliness? I prioritize authenticity in therapy, and aim to help people untangle themselves from problems that hold them back. I work with you as we navigate the peaks & valleys of life experiences. I often support, students, hospitality workers, parents, teachers, nurses, shift workers, ski patrollers, guides & 'first timers' to therapy. Life can be messy & complex. My office located in the Kitsilano neighbourhood of Vancouver at 4th & Arbutus. I offer virtual counselling via telehealth throughout BC. *Insurance* Counselling is covered or reimbursed by many extended benefits programs. I am registered with many major Canadian insurance providers: Canada Life | Great-West Life Green Shield Canada Manulife Medavie Blue Cross Mines & Associates SunLife AMS - UBC Student Benefits Vail Resorts EAP *Education & Registration* I hold a master's degree in counselling from City University and a bachelor's degree in Child and Youth Care from the University of Victoria. I am dual licensed with the BC Association of Clinical Counsellors (BCACC) as a Registered Clinical Counsellor (RCC) and the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA) as a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC). License Numbers: RCC # 20414 CCC # 11250646 *A bit more about how I work & my background* Lexie (she/her) is a Registered Clinical Counsellor practicing on the xʷməθkʷəy̓əm (Musqueam), Səl̓ílwətaʔ (Tsleil-Waututh) and Skwxwú7mesh (Squamish) territories. Lexie’s approach to counselling is characterized by warmth, authenticity, and compassion, with a goal of fostering a relaxed environment where clients can explore their thoughts and emotions without fear of judgment. Lexie roots her work in a trauma informed, anti-oppressive, social justice lens. This may involve looking beyond the individual to understand their experiences within broader social and cultural contexts, as she joins clients on the path to self-discovery, healing, and change. Lexie has over ten years of experience working in the field of mental health. She draws on her experience providing counselling and practical supports to diverse communities, including children and families with complex medical and mental health needs, new immigrants and LGBTQQ2S+ folx. She has worked as a grief and loss counsellor at a hospice, provided crisis and suicide prevention support and developed industry specific work place mental health trainings for the hospitality and tourism sector. Montira Mental Health was born out of Lexie’s own experience as a hospitality manager at different backcountry lodges across British Columbia. As a lodge manager, Lexie observed the intersection of mental health and personal challenges within remote and isolated live/work environments which lead to high rates of burnout amongst her staff. ​​The transient nature of tourism dependent communities, seasonal employment, high cost of living and limited access to low barrier community mental health offerings further impacted her staff. Lexie’s connection to the outdoor community is born out of years of living, working, and recreating in the Rocky, Purcell, Selkirk and Coast mountains. She is an avid backcountry skier, trail runner, and hiker who finds a deep sense of connection to herself and her community through time spent in the outdoors. To learn more, please see my website: montiramentalhealth.com

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Nicole Grant

Nicole Grant

I work with children, teens and adults seeking support for anxiety, depression, trauma and life changes. I am trained in CBT, DBT and EMDR.

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Tarni Kaur

Tarni Kaur

You’ve learned to hold it all together; for family, for culture, for survival. You’re insightful, but tired. Maybe it’s anxiety, burnout, people-pleasing, or the quiet weight of not feeling fully seen. You want space to exhale and to feel understood. My clients seek clarity, regulation, and belonging. Together, we’ll explore the patterns you’ve inherited, the ones you’re ready to let go of, and the parts of you waiting to feel at home. I offer culturally responsive, neurodivergent-affirming therapy with a deep understanding of identity, belonging, and the impact of cultural and family systems on emotional well-being. My approach is integrative and person-centered, drawing from ACT, IFS, CBT, and mindfulness to support emotional regulation, self-trust, and meaningful change. Starting therapy is vulnerable, especially if you're used to managing on your own. You don’t have to carry everything alone. If you’re feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, or unsure of where to begin, I’m here to support you. Let’s work together to explore what healing, safety, and alignment might look like for you.

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Kayla Migrino

Kayla Migrino

Hi, I’m Kayla, I’m a Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) and I work to support autistic adults and other neurodivergent experiences. I’ve spent a big part of my career in the disability sector, especially supporting autistic folks. I’ve worn a lot of different hats along the way and these precious experiences are what shape and inspire my work as a counsellor today. My practice is grounded in a judgement free, neurodivergent-affirming, collaborative space. I provide counselling for adults who want clarity, a sense of direction and guidance. We can work to understand you, make sense of your experiences, and identify meaningful changes that align with who you are and who you are becoming. Many of my clients are young adults with autism navigating the current phases of their life. For some this includes transitional periods, for others this means settling in. I offer a safe and supportive space to explore who you are, and work to build a clear sense of direction and identity within you.

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Diana Ben

Diana Ben

Hi, I’m Diana! As a first‑generation African Canadian, I understand the complexity of navigating cultural identity, family expectations, people‑pleasing, autonomy, and the stigma surrounding mental health. Many clients come to therapy feeling overwhelmed by unprocessed trauma, anxiety, and the pressure to hold everything together. They often feel alone in their experiences, struggle with confidence, and second‑guess their decisions and experiences. My goal is to offer a non-judgmental, compassionate, culturally sensitive space where you feel heard, respected, and supported. I help you understand the roots of your thoughts, emotions, and patterns so you can shift them with intention. My work focuses on identity, self‑awareness, and healing from trauma and anxiety in a space that feels grounding and supportive. My approach blends insight, compassion, and practical tools to help you create real, sustainable change! Therapy with me is about understanding yourself more deeply so you can move through life with clarity and confidence. I believe insight is a powerful tool for healing; it helps us break old cycles and create new possibilities by moving beyond the feeling of “I don’t know why.” If you’re ready to explore your inner world with support, I’m here to help!

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Peter Reid

Peter Reid

*** Now Accepting New Clients *** I work with LGBTQ2S+ adults who are tired of being "hooked" by their own minds—that loop of anxiety, the "not good enough" narrative, or that "stuck" feeling. Whether you’re navigating a life transition or just feeling "flat," I help you get your hands back on the steering wheel of your life.

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Natalie McMullen

Natalie McMullen

Top Specialities: trauma, anxiety, attachment issues I believe our life events shape us into who we are today. We weren’t BORN with an inner critic, perfectionism, or people-pleasing tendencies! Something happened in our lives that taught us those behaviours. Maybe we learned that it’s less painful to avoid confrontation than to risk rejection or failure. Maybe we learned that to ensure safety, we must be hypervigilant, constantly looking out for threats. Those behaviours likely helped you survive at one time, but now, they might be causing chronic anxiety, difficulties in your relationships, and low self-esteem. I will help you understand your emotions and unlearn beliefs and coping behaviours that are no longer serving you. We’ll learn how your past and present experiences are contributing to the issues you want to let go of, and carve a path forward. Therapy can help you process your experiences and develop coping skills to manage your reactions and emotions. I have experience helping with anxiety/stress/burnout, trauma, relationship/attachment issues, self-esteem, depression, emotion regulation, and borderline personality disorder. I’m especially passionate about treating developmental/attachment trauma to improve self-esteem, foster safety and security, and move towards secure attachment patterns. My Approach/Style As a therapist, I have a friendly, authentic, and warm demeanour. I believe a strong connection with your therapist is of crucial importance, so I take extra care to ensure I’m understanding your needs and perspective. (This doesn’t mean I’ll never challenge you!). I’m also happy to share appropriate information about my own life if helpful and relevant. I believe everyone has inner wisdom and resilience. I respect your autonomy, so I will always support you in coming to your own conclusions and finding your own solutions. But I also don’t shy away from sharing different insights and perspectives, or giving guidance and advice if needed. Types of Therapy After spending some time getting to know you, I’ll apply the therapy techniques that best suit your concerns. I use techniques informed by schema therapy, inner child work, IFS, ACT, CBT, DBT, EFT, mindfulness, and attachment theory. I am also trained in EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) therapy, which is an evidence-based and WHO-recommended treatment for trauma and PTSD. If you’d like to learn more, please reach out for a free consultation! *Please note, I am located in Toronto, and my working hours are as follows: Tuesday and Wednesday: 11am-7pm Eastern Time Thursday: 1pm-7pm Eastern time Friday: 10am-5pm Eastern Time

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Lauren  Kalvari PhD, MSW, RSW

Lauren Kalvari PhD, MSW, RSW

Welcome to my page! You may be living with the effects of trauma, coercive control, emotional or spiritual harm, or a long period of feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or disconnected from yourself. Perhaps relationships have felt unsafe or confusing, your sense of identity has been shaken, or daily life feels heavier than it should. You may be searching for clarity, stability, and relief from patterns that no longer feel manageable. Many people who reach out are not only looking to cope, but to understand what has happened to them, to restore a sense of dignity and self-trust, and to feel hope and meaning again. Over more than 30 years of working with anxiety, pain, and trauma, I am continually moved by the resilience people carry, even in the aftermath of profound difficulty. My work is trauma-informed and paced with care, supporting both the need for greater stability in daily life and a deeper understanding of lived experience, relationships, and a sense of self. I am open-minded, authentic, and warm. I use an integrative approach that is most suited to your personality type, current situation and specific needs. My role is to offer a steady, compassionate presence where difficult feelings and memories can be approached safely, without pressure or judgement.

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Marc-Anthony Racco

Marc-Anthony Racco

Are you struggling to maintain relationships? Maybe you feel disconnected, unable to get through the day without negative thought patterns. As a psychotherapist, I work with both teens and adults, specializing in relational and childhood trauma. However, I also work with individuals who have faced various life challenges, such as anxiety, depression, and attachment difficulties. Holding a queer identity and a crisis counselling background, my therapeutic space is highlighted in inclusivity, incorporating anti-oppressive and strength-based frameworks to create a safe, non-judgmental space for you to express your thoughts freely. My sessions often take a client-centred approach, building a collaborative process of unlearning damaging self-beliefs, practicing healthy coping skills, and reclaiming your life through newly formed self-awareness. This is your journey, and I will work closely with you to develop a treatment plan specific to your unique needs and goals. I view trauma as a relational experience. Not only is it often experienced in relationships with others, but it is also a new development of healthy relationships that can assist in healing.

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Sally Ibrahim

Sally Ibrahim

If you’re finding it hard to connect with others, feeling stuck in painful relationship patterns, or overwhelmed by anxiety, stress, or sadness, you’re not alone. Many of the struggles we face are not flaws or signs of failure. They are often adaptations to past experiences where emotional needs, like being comforted, feeling safe, accepted, or truly heard, weren’t fully met. I work with adults navigating relationship challenges, low mood, overthinking, uncertainty about themselves, or difficulties with focus and restlessness. These experiences can be influenced by many factors, such as ADHD, burnout, identity-related stress, or difficult past experiences. You might notice patterns like shutting down, feeling easily overwhelmed, or being misunderstood in your closest relationships. These are often protective responses that once helped you cope, but are now getting in the way of the life and relationships you want. My approach is grounded in a trauma-informed lens and an understanding that mental health is shaped by many layers—our biology, environment, culture, and early relationships. I also pay close attention to how the nervous system responds to stress and safety, helping you make sense of your emotional reactions with more compassion and less shame. Clients often share that they feel relieved when their struggles finally start to make sense. I walk alongside you with warmth and respect as we explore your experiences with curiosity, not judgment. My hope is to help you reconnect with parts of yourself that feel lost, hurt, or misunderstood. Together, we’ll build healthier emotional responses, uncover strengths buried beneath survival patterns, and move toward a life and relationships that feel more secure, fulfilling, and aligned with who you are.

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Roberta McClelland

Roberta McClelland

You are thinking about facing an issue that you are carrying (big or small), and changing things for the better. I'd like to be a part of that change. I'm Roberta McClelland. I'm a registered social worker with over 10 years of experience in the field. I work with female teens, post-secondary students, and adults who are coping with grief, caregiver fatigue, major and minor life transitions, relational stress, depression, anxiety, self-harming behaviors, trauma, and abuse via in-person, virtual, and phone appointments I will create a safe, collaborative space for you that is focused on your strengths, that respects your needs and your voice, and that will flex with you as you move through your change journey. And I will support you in this journey by using a variety of treatment techniques based on what fits best and feels best for you. As a counsellor I'm committed to providing a non-judgmental place where you can bring what is heavy, look at what hurts, say what you need to say, and plan for a better tomorrow. If this sounds like a good fit for what you're looking for right now, please get in touch and consider meeting with with me for a free 15 minute consult to see if we're a good match Call or Email Roberta McClelland now for a free 15 minute consultation - (226) 242-3641 Let's Connect(226) 242-3641

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Jeff O'Neill

Jeff O'Neill

Understanding ADHD If you're reading this, there's a good chance you're exhausted. Not the kind of tired sleep fixes — the kind that comes from spending years fighting your own brain and losing more often than you'd like to admit. Maybe you have a diagnosis. Maybe you've suspected it for a decade and never had it confirmed. Maybe you're a woman who was told it was anxiety, or depression, or that you were "too sensitive," and ADHD never even came up until recently. Whatever your path here, I'd guess you're tired of half-working strategies, tired of starting over, and tired of feeling like everyone else got a manual you never received. Let me say this plainly: ADHD is genuinely frustrating to live with. Not "quirky," not "just a different way of thinking" in some tidy, inspirational sense — frustrating, in the day-to-day, why-can't-I-just-do-the-thing way. That frustration is real, and it deserves to be named instead of smoothed over. You are not lazy. You are not broken. You are not failing at things that come easily to everyone else — you're doing hard things with a brain that runs on a different operating system, often without the support that operating system actually needs. How I Can Help I hold an MA in Counselling Psychology, and I'm also an ADHD Certified Clinical Services Provider (ADHD-CCSP) and Clinical Coach — which means I work at the intersection of two things people with ADHD usually have to go find separately: real emotional support, and real skills training. The counselling side is where we deal with the parts that therapy is built for — the shame that's built up over years of masking, the identity questions that come with a late or self-identified diagnosis, the impact on relationships and self-worth, the emotional weight of just being an ADHD brain in a world that wasn't built for it. The coaching side is where we get practical. Insight alone doesn't get the laundry done or the report finished. As an executive function coach, I help build the actual scaffolding — systems for follow-through, structures that survive contact with a bad week, and My Approach Most people I work with already know what they want to do. The gap isn't motivation — it's the space between knowing and doing, and that gap is often more emotional than it looks. Rejection sensitive dysphoria (RSD) — that sharp, disproportionate sting of criticism or perceived failure — is one of the biggest hidden drivers of ADHD struggles, quietly shaping careers, relationships, and self-worth long before anyone connects it back to ADHD. I draw on CBT, DBT, and ADHD-informed coaching to work both angles at once — the emotional regulation and distress tolerance side, and the concrete executive-function side. DBT skills in particular map unusually well onto ADHD life. Sessions are structured, but they flex: there's no judgment for showing up late, needing to move around, or not having a formal diagnosis in hand. What We Can Work On RSD and emotional regulation — the sharp sting of perceived criticism and the mood shifts that come with it Executive dysfunction and procrastination — not a willpower problem, a wiring problem, and one we can actually build around ADHD burnout — the specific exhaustion of running on compensation and masking for too long Self-suspected or undiagnosed ADHD — you don't need a formal assessment to start making sense of your own brain ADHD in women — masking, late diagnosis, and the hormonal impact that most ADHD resources still leave out Perfectionism and shame — especially the kind that's been quietly accumulating since childhood Communication and relationship struggles — the ADHD patterns that show up with partners, friends, and family Workplace challenges — deadlines, follow-through, and functioning in systems that weren't built for your brain Major life transitions Additional Areas of Expertise While ADHD is my primary specialty, I also work with clients navigating addiction, anger management, and men's mental health issues. Addiction: I help clients understand the patterns behind their challenging behaviors. Whether it be substances, pornography, gambling, or social media—I can help develop healthier coping strategies to build sustainable recovery. I also support caregivers, partners, and family members affected by a loved one's addiction, working through boundary-setting, managing worry and frustration, and taking care of your own wellbeing while supporting someone you care about. Anger Management: We explore what's beneath the anger—frustration, shame, or feeling unheard—and develop tools for emotional regulation and communication that actually work in real life. Men's Issues: I create judgment-free space for men to explore emotions, relationship challenges, identity, and personal growth. Whether you're dealing with stress, transitions, or feeling stuck, we'll work through it together. Across all areas, my approach remains practical, collaborative, and grounded in compassion.

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Tehreem Fatimah

Tehreem Fatimah

I am currently pursuing my Master of Arts in Counselling Psychology at Yorkville University and have several years of experience working within community mental health settings. Throughout my career, I have supported individuals facing challenges related to substance use, homelessness, depression, anxiety, burnout, stress, trauma, and systemic barriers. These experiences have strengthened my appreciation for the resilience and strength individuals demonstrate while navigating difficult life circumstances. My work has shaped a compassionate and client-centred approach that is rooted in empathy, respect, authenticity, and cultural sensitivity. I understand how trauma, chronic stress, and experiences of marginalization can significantly affect emotional and psychological well-being. Because of this, I am committed to creating a supportive, welcoming, and non-judgmental environment where clients feel safe to explore their experiences and work toward meaningful growth and healing. I take a holistic and strengths-based approach to counselling, recognizing that every person brings unique experiences, abilities, and inner resources to the therapeutic process. I believe in working collaboratively with clients, allowing them to guide their journey while supporting them in developing practical coping tools, building resilience, and fostering greater self-awareness. My goal is to help individuals enhance their emotional well-being, improve their quality of life, and create sustainable, positive change.

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Godfrey Benjamin

Godfrey Benjamin

Life gets hard. So many responsibilities, it's hard to put ourselves first and we can stumble. We can feel isolated, overwhelmed, a sense of dread and anxiety with each passing day. This can lead to depressive feelings, loss of self confidence, addictions, self harm, and even suicidal thoughts. You're not alone if you're feeling this way. It can be especially hard to understand what is happening inside, if we had challenges in our past. I use an integrative person-centred approach so that together, we can work together to untangle the past, connect fully with yourself today, and build tools for the brighter future that you are hoping for. There may be many goals on your journey to well-being. In collaborating together, you will have a safe place to name your feelings for what they are: yours. I offer a trauma-informed, anti-oppressive lens to understanding, processing, and healing the roots of negative thoughts, feelings and experiences that may have been holding you back. Stepping into healing is an amazing act of courage. Working together, we can explore what is most meaningful for you today, as we navigate your journey towards mental health and well-being.

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What is CBT?

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is one of the most researched forms of psychotherapy available. It is based on the idea that thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are interconnected, and that changing the way you interpret situations can shift how you feel and what you do. CBT was developed by psychiatrist Aaron Beck in the 1960s, initially for depression, and has since been adapted for a wide range of mental health concerns. It is structured and goal-oriented, which means sessions have clear direction and progress can be tracked over time.

A core part of CBT is learning to notice thought patterns that feel automatic but are distorted in some way. These might include assuming the worst outcome, discounting positive experiences, or holding yourself to rigid standards. A therapist helps you examine whether these thoughts are accurate, and practise thinking in ways that are more balanced and realistic. Behavioural work often runs alongside this, helping you gradually re-engage with situations you have been avoiding or change habits that are maintaining distress.

CBT is typically short-term, running anywhere from eight to twenty sessions depending on the concern being addressed. Sessions often include some work between appointments, such as thought records, behavioural experiments, or brief practices. This active structure tends to suit people who want practical tools and a clear sense of what they are working on. Several variations of CBT have been developed over the years, including Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), each adapted for specific populations or concerns.

Who this approach may help

Anxiety and worry

People dealing with generalized anxiety, panic attacks, social anxiety, or specific phobias may find CBT useful for identifying and challenging the thought patterns that drive anxious responses and for gradually reducing avoidance behaviours.

Depression

CBT is one of the most studied approaches for depression. It helps people recognize negative thinking patterns, re-engage with activities that have been abandoned, and build more balanced ways of viewing themselves and their circumstances.

OCD and intrusive thoughts

Structured CBT techniques, particularly Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), are a core treatment for OCD. This approach helps people reduce the compulsive responses that maintain obsessive cycles.

PTSD and trauma responses

Trauma-focused CBT is used to help people process traumatic experiences by revisiting avoided memories in a structured, supported way and addressing the beliefs about themselves and the world that can develop after trauma.

Insomnia and sleep difficulties

CBT for Insomnia (CBT-I) targets the thoughts and behaviours that disrupt sleep, including unhelpful beliefs about sleep and habits that keep the problem going. It is considered a first-line treatment for chronic insomnia.

Low self-esteem and perfectionism

People who struggle with harsh self-criticism, perfectionism, or a persistent sense of inadequacy may find CBT useful for examining where those standards came from and how they affect daily functioning.

What happens in a session?

  1. 1

    Assess your concerns and set goals

    The therapist asks about the specific difficulties you are experiencing, how they affect your daily life, and what you would like to be different. You agree on goals for the work together.

  2. 2

    Learn the cognitive model

    You are introduced to the connection between thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. This gives you a shared framework for understanding why certain situations trigger particular reactions.

  3. 3

    Identify unhelpful thought patterns

    Using structured exercises, you begin to notice automatic thoughts that occur in difficult situations and examine whether they are accurate or distorted in a predictable way.

  4. 4

    Challenge and reframe thoughts

    You practise evaluating the evidence for and against those thoughts and developing more balanced alternatives. This is usually done both in session and through brief practice between appointments.

  5. 5

    Work on behaviour change

    Alongside thought work, you may engage in behavioural strategies such as gradually facing avoided situations, breaking unhelpful patterns, or scheduling activities that improve mood.

  6. 6

    Review progress and consolidate skills

    Toward the end of treatment, you review what has shifted, identify remaining areas to work on, and build a plan for maintaining progress after sessions end.

How it compares to other approaches

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)

DBT was developed from CBT and shares its cognitive and behavioural roots. It adds a stronger focus on emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal effectiveness. DBT is typically used for people with intense emotional experiences or patterns of self-harm, and is usually delivered over a longer period with group and individual components.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

ACT is considered a newer generation of CBT. Rather than challenging unhelpful thoughts directly, ACT encourages acceptance of difficult internal experiences and a focus on values-based action. Some people find the acceptance-oriented approach more natural than thought challenging.

Psychodynamic Therapy

Psychodynamic therapy explores how early experiences, unconscious patterns, and relational dynamics shape current difficulties. CBT focuses more on present-day thoughts and behaviours rather than their origins. Psychodynamic therapy tends to be longer-term and less structured.

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

MBCT combines CBT principles with mindfulness practices. It is specifically designed to reduce the risk of depression relapse by helping people relate differently to low moods and self-critical thoughts rather than engaging with their content.

Schema Therapy

Schema Therapy extends CBT to address long-standing patterns rooted in early life experiences. It is typically used when standard CBT has not fully addressed deep-seated beliefs or when difficulties in relationships and identity are central concerns.

Emotion Focused Therapy (EFT)

EFT focuses on accessing, deepening, and transforming emotional experience directly. CBT works more through structured cognitive and behavioural techniques. Some people respond better to the emotion-focused approach, particularly when feelings are difficult to access or express.

How to choose a CBT therapist

Questions to ask before booking:

  1. 1

    Ask about their training in CBT specifically. Because CBT is a broad term, ask whether they have completed formal training in the approach or a specific variant, such as CBT for OCD, trauma-focused CBT, or CBT-I for insomnia.

  2. 2

    Ask how they structure sessions and what a typical course of treatment looks like. CBT tends to be relatively structured and goal-directed, so a clear answer about format and length is a reasonable expectation.

  3. 3

    Ask whether they assign work between sessions and what that generally involves. CBT often includes brief practice outside appointments, and it helps to know upfront whether that suits how you prefer to work.

  4. 4

    Ask about their experience with your specific concern. CBT varies considerably by condition, and a therapist with experience treating what you are dealing with will be better positioned to tailor the approach.

  5. 5

    Ask how they will know whether therapy is helping and what happens if progress stalls. A good CBT therapist will track outcomes and be willing to adjust the approach if it is not working.

  6. 6

    If you have tried CBT before and found it unhelpful, ask how their approach differs or whether they integrate other methods. Not all CBT delivery is the same, and some people do better with a different variant or a more integrated approach.

When this may not be the right fit

CBT involves active engagement between sessions, including thought records and behavioural experiments. If you are in crisis, experiencing significant instability, or managing acute symptoms that make it hard to focus on structured work, a therapist may suggest stabilization or a different approach first.

Some people find the structured, problem-focused nature of CBT less suited to what they are looking for. If you prefer open-ended exploration of your inner life, past experiences, or relational patterns, a more exploratory approach such as psychodynamic therapy may feel like a better fit.

CBT works primarily at the level of identifiable thoughts and behaviours. If your difficulties are more rooted in long-standing interpersonal patterns, attachment concerns, or early experiences, a therapist may recommend Schema Therapy or a longer-term approach alongside or instead of standard CBT.

For conditions involving intense emotional dysregulation or recurrent self-harm, standard CBT may need to be complemented by or replaced with DBT, which is specifically designed for those presentations. A therapist can help assess which approach fits your situation.

Related specialties

Frequently asked questions

What is Cognitive Behavioural Therapy used for?

CBT is used for a wide range of concerns including anxiety disorders, depression, OCD, PTSD, insomnia, eating disorders, and low self-esteem. It is one of the most thoroughly researched approaches in psychotherapy and has a strong evidence base across many conditions. A therapist can help determine whether it is a good fit for your specific situation.

How long does CBT take?

CBT is typically short-term. Most courses run between eight and twenty sessions, though this varies depending on the concern being addressed and how complex it is. Some structured programs, such as CBT for insomnia or a specific phobia, may be completed in fewer sessions. A therapist will give you an estimate based on your goals at the start of treatment.

Does CBT involve homework?

Yes, most CBT approaches include brief practice between sessions. This might involve keeping a thought record, gradually facing a situation you have been avoiding, or tracking a specific behaviour. The between-session work is usually a core part of how CBT achieves change, though therapists adapt the amount based on what is manageable.

How is CBT different from other therapy approaches?

CBT is more structured and skills-focused than many other approaches. It targets present-day thoughts and behaviours rather than exploring their historical roots in depth. Sessions have a clear agenda and progress is tracked. This makes it different from more open-ended approaches like psychodynamic therapy, though many therapists combine elements from multiple methods.

Is CBT effective?

CBT has a substantial evidence base and is considered a first-line treatment for conditions including anxiety disorders, depression, OCD, PTSD, and insomnia. Research consistently shows it to be effective across a wide range of concerns. That said, not every approach works for every person, and a therapist may adjust the method or suggest alternatives if progress is limited.

Can I do CBT online?

Yes. CBT is well-suited to online delivery because it relies on structured conversation, exercises, and worksheets rather than techniques that require physical presence. Many therapists offer virtual sessions. Some research suggests online CBT is comparably effective to in-person for a number of conditions. Check individual therapist profiles to see which formats they offer.

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